Magma Chamber Response to Ice Unloading: Applications to Volcanism in
the West Antarctic Rift System
Abstract
While the effects of volcanism on Earth’s climate are well understood,
the volcano-ice sheet system hosts a two-way feedback. Volcanic activity
promotes ice melting, which in turn affects the internal dynamics of the
magma chamber below. At present, accurate forecasts of sea-level rise
hinge on the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, and thus require
consideration of subglacial volcano-deglaciation feedbacks. The West
Antarctic Ice Sheet, grounded below sea-level, is particularly
vulnerable to collapse, yet its position atop an active volcanic rift is
seldom considered. Ice unloading raises the geotherm and alters the
crustal stress field, impacting dike propagation. However, the
consequences on internal magma chamber dynamics and thus long-term
eruption behavior remain elusive. Given potential for
unloading-triggered volcanism in West Antarctica to accelerate ice
retreat, we adapt the thermomechanical magma chamber model of Scholz et
al. (2023) for West Antarctic Rift basalts, simulating a shrinking ice
load through a prescribed decrease of lithostatic pressure. Examining
different unloading scenarios, we investigate the impacts on volatile
partitioning within the magma and eruptive trajectory across a wide
range of initial magma chamber conditions. Pressurization of a magma
chamber beyond a critical threshold results in eruption, delivering
enthalpy to the ice. Considering the removal of km-thick ice sheets, we
demonstrate the rate of unloading is dominant in influencing the
cumulative mass erupted and consequently, heat released to the ice.
These findings provide fundamental insights into the complex volcano-ice
interactions in West Antarctica and other subglacial volcanic settings.