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A seismic precursor 15 minutes before the giant eruption of Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano on January 15, 2022
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  • Takuro Horiuchi,
  • Mie Ichihara,
  • Kiwamu Nishida,
  • Takayuki Kaneko
Takuro Horiuchi
Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo
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Mie Ichihara
Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Kiwamu Nishida
Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo
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Takayuki Kaneko
University of Tokyo
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Abstract

The January 15, 2022, eruption at Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcano started shortly after 4:00UTC. There had been noted unconfirmed precursory events. We analyzed seismometer data recorded in Fiji and Futuna, the closest stations operated during the eruption and located over 750 km away. We extracted Rayleigh waves and estimated their powers and source directions, assuming retrograde particle motions. We found a Rayleigh wave from the HTHH’s direction about 15 minutes before the eruption onset. The arrival time difference of the Rayleigh wave between the two stations was consistent with that of the M5.8 earthquake during the eruption located beneath the HTHH. Referring to other seismic signals and satellite images, we concluded that the Rayleigh wave was the most significant eruption precursor with no apparent surface activity. Including our findings and results of previous studies, we propose a scenario of the beginning of the caldera-forming eruption.
09 Jul 2024Submitted to ESS Open Archive
11 Jul 2024Published in ESS Open Archive