The Land-Ocean Contrast in Deep Convective Intensity in a Global
Storm-Resolving Model
Abstract
Observations reveal a clear difference in the intensity of deep
convection over tropical land and ocean. This observed land-ocean
contrast provides a natural benchmark for evaluating the fidelity of
global storm-resolving models (GSRMs; global models with horizontal
resolution on the order of kilometers), and GSRMs provide a potentially
valuable tool for probing unresolved scientific questions about the
origin of the observed land-ocean contrast. However, land-ocean
differences in convective intensity have received relatively little
attention in GSRM research. Here, we show that the strength of the
land-ocean contrast simulated by GSRMs is strongly sensitive to details
of GSRM implementations, and not clearly governed by any of several
hypothesized drivers of the observed land-ocean contrast. We first
examine DYAMOND Summer GSRM simulations, and show that only a subset
produce a clear land-ocean contrast in the frequency of strong updrafts.
We then show that the use of a sub-grid shallow convection scheme can
determine whether or not the GSRM X-SHiELD produces a clear land-ocean
contrast. Finally, we show that three hypothesized drivers of the
observed land-ocean contrast all fail to explain why a land-ocean
contrast is present in X-SHiELD simulations with sub-grid shallow
convection disabled. These results provide encouraging evidence that
GSRMs can mimic the observed land-ocean convective intensity contrast.
However, they also show that their ability to do so can be sensitive to
uncertain sub-grid parameterizations, and suggest that existing theory
may not fully capture drivers of the land-ocean contrast simulated by
some GSRMs.