An indirect, negative radiative effect of water vapor in the tropics and
its implications for regional surface heat stress
Abstract
We report an indirect, negative, cloud-mediated, surface radiative
effect (RE) of water vapor (IWVE) in certain regions in the tropics,
which may be consequential for day-to-day regional heat stress. Using
reanalysis and satellite data we show that this effect is marked by a
surprisingly dominant positive relationship of cloud RE with near
surface and column humidity. These clouds are predominantly low level
and altocumuli, previously reported to have a negative surface RE,
possibly lending the net negative RE to water vapor. Also reported
earlier, these clouds form in the mid-troposphere, as detrainment
offshoots of deep convective towers and can be advected away to large
distances, hence requiring no local convective triggering in the IWVE
regions. Evidently, the IWVE are co-located with the horizontal branch
of the Hadley cell, with the lowest vertical forcing in the tropics.
Moreover, these are also the transition regions between the highly
cloudy and the driest parts of the tropics, with a waning down
occurrence of cirrus, deep convective and altostratus clouds, linked
with positive RE, corroborating the hypothesis. IWVE regions also show a
large temporal variability in humidity possibly providing opportunity
for a large variability in cloud fractional coverage, however the
mechanism controlling this covariability is not understood. The IWVE is
tightly tied with the seasonal cycle of the ITCZ and hence is likely a
dominant source of pre-monsoon surface temperature variability and heat
stress in the current climate. The evolution of the IWVE under future
climate warming needs further investigation.