New estimates of the pan-Arctic sea ice--atmosphere neutral drag
coefficients from ICESat-2 elevation data
Abstract
The effect that sea ice topography has on the momentum transfer between
ice and atmosphere is not fully quantified due to the vast extent of the
Arctic and limitations of current measurement techniques. Here we
present a method to estimate pan-Arctic momentum transfer via a
parameterization which links sea ice-atmosphere form drag coefficients
with surface feature height and spacing. We measure these sea ice
surface feature parameters using the Cloud and land Elevation
Satellite-2 (ICESat-2) which, though it cannot resolve as well airborne
surveys, has a higher along-track spatial resolution than other
contemporary altimeter satellites. As some narrow obstacles are
effectively smoothed out by the ICESat-2 ATL07 spatial resolution, we
use near-coincident high-resolution Airborne Topographic Mapper (ATM)
elevation data from NASA’s Operation IceBridge (OIB) mission to scale up
the regional ICESat-2 drag estimates. By also incorporating drag due to
open water, floe edges and sea ice skin drag, we produced a time series
of average total pan-Arctic neutral atmospheric drag coefficient
estimates from October 2018 to May 2022. Here we have observed its
temporal evolution to be unique and not directly tied to sea ice extent.
By also mapping 3-month aggregates for the years 2019, 2020 and 2021 for
better regional analysis, we found the thick multiyear ice area directly
north of the Canadian Archipelago and Greenland to be consistently above
2.0 · 10⁻³ with rough ice ~ 1.5 · 10⁻³ typically filling
the full multiyear ice portion of the Arctic each Spring.