Abstract
Spatial visual attention prioritizes specific locations while
disregarding others. The location of spatial attention can be deployed
without overt movements (covertly). Spatial dynamics of covert attention
is exceptionally difficult to measure due to its hidden nature. One way
to implicitly index the location of covert attention is via pupillary
light responses (PLR), as the strength of PLR is modulated by where
attention is allocated. However, this method has so-far necessitated
simplistic stimuli. Here we report on a novel pupillometric method that
allows to track covert attention even with highly complex stimuli.
Participants (n = 36) watched movie clips while they either passively
viewed the movie, or they top-down shifted covert attention to targets
in the left, right, or both sides of the visual field. Using a recent
toolbox (Open-DPSM), we evaluated whether luminance changes in regions
presumably receiving more attention contribute more strongly to the
pupillary responses – and thereby reveal covert attention. Three
independent and established effects of covert attention on pupil
responses were found: (1) a bottom-up effect suggesting more attention
drawn to more dynamic regions in the movie, (2) a top-down effect
suggesting more attention towards the instructed direction, and (3) an
overall tendency to attend the left side (i.e., pseudoneglect). These
findings show that pupil responses can physiologically index covert
attention with our approach, even in highly dynamic and complex
environments. We see considerable potential in measuring covert
attention with our method in many real-life scenarios that were
impossible to study before.