Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is still a global public health issue, and the development of an effective prophylactic HIV vaccine inducing potent neutralizing antibodies remains a significant challenge for the scientific community. This study aims to explore the protein factors associated with the induction of neutralizing antibodies by the rTV vaccine. In our study, we employed the Olink chip to analyze the inflammation-related proteins in plasma in healthy individuals receiving HIV candidate vaccine (DNA priming and recombinant vaccinia virus rTV boosting) and compared the differences between neutralizing antibody-positive and -negative groups. We identified 25 differentially expressed factors and conducted enrichment analysis and correlation analysis on them. Our results revealed significant expression differences in artemin (ARTN) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 23 (CCL23) between individuals who were positive and negative for neutralizing antibodies. Notably, the expression of CCL23 was inversely proportional to the capacity to produce neutralizing antibodies and correlated with the intensity of the cellular immune response. Additionally, the immune response of T cells in the positive group exhibited higher specificity, further supporting our conclusions. This study not only enriches our understanding of the immune mechanism of the rTV vaccine, but also provides important data for future vaccines.