Height-Dependent LoS Probability Model for A2G Channels Incorporating
Airframe Shadowing Under Built-up Scenario
Abstract
The line of sight (LoS) probability is a key factor for the channel
modeling of air-to-ground (A2G) communication. However, the existing LoS
probability models do not account for the effects of airframe shadowing
(AS) and building density, which can cause serious link obstruction and
performance loss due to the six-dimensional (6D) mobility and self-body
of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). In this paper, a new LoS probability
model is proposed that considers the AS and building density for
different UAV heights. Adding to this, the AS is derived in terms of UAV
framework and 6D mobility. Next, the machine learning (ML) based graph
neural network (GNN) method is developed to learn the features and
structure of the urban environment and predict the LoS probability.
Then, the GNN model is trained and evaluated based on the ray tracing
(RT) data to establish the relationship between model parameters and UAV
heights under the building density and AS factors. The interpretation
and explanation of the proposed GNN model and prediction are also
discussed in this paper. It is shown from the simulation analysis that
the GNN model accurately captures the effects of AS, building height
distributions, and UAV heights, with high accuracy compared to the
baseline 3GPP, GCM and NYU models.