Revisiting an ecophysiological oddity: hydathode-mediated foliar water
uptake in Crassula species from southern Africa
Abstract
Hydathodes are usually associated with water exudation in plants.
However, foliar water uptake (FWU) through the hydathodes has long been
suspected in the leaf-succulent genus Crassula (Crassulaceae), a
highly diverse group in southern Africa, and, to our knowledge, no
empirical observations exist in the literature that unequivocally link
FWU to hydathodes in this genus. FWU is expected to be particularly
beneficial on the arid western side of southern Africa, where up to 50%
of Crassula species occur and where periodically high air
humidity leads to fog and/or dew formation. To investigate if FWU is
operational in different Crassula species we used the apoplastic
fluorescent tracer Lucifer Yellow in combination with different imaging
techniques. Our images of dye-treated leaves confirm that
hydathode-mediated FWU does indeed occur in Crassula and that it
is probably widespread across the genus. Hydathodes in Crassula
have been repurposed as moisture-harvesting structures, besides their
more common purpose of guttation, an adaptation that has likely played
an important role in the evolutionary history of the genus. Our
observations suggest that FWU ability is independent of geographical
distribution and its associated environmental conditions, as FWU is
possible in species occurring within the fog belt of western southern
Africa but also in those from the rather humid eastern side. We did not
find a strong apparent link between FWU ability and leaf surface
wettability. Instead, the hierarchically sculptured leaf surfaces of
several Crassula species may facilitate FWU due to hydrophilic
leaf surface microdomains, even in seemingly hydrophobic species.
Overall, these results confirm the ecophysiological relevance of FWU in
Crassula and reassert the importance of atmospheric humidity for
some arid-adapted plant groups.