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A greenhouse design for simulating warmer, shorter winters in small ponds
  • Rosemary Martin,
  • Stephan Schneider,
  • Shannon McCauley
Rosemary Martin
University of Toronto Mississauga Department of Biology

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

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Stephan Schneider
University of Toronto
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Shannon McCauley
University of Toronto Mississauga Department of Biology
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Abstract

1. Ice coverage duration on lakes and ponds is decreasing due to climate change, but experimentally testing the effects of decreased ice coverage on aquatic communities is challenging in field settings. 2. To assess whether we could simulate changes predicted to occur in aquatic habitats as climate change progresses including shorter ice duration, warmer temperatures, and thinner ice and associated water chemistry changes, we designed and constructed greenhouses to place over a set of ten experimental ponds, roughly 3x3m in area which slope to a maximum depth of 1m, dug into the ground at the Koffler Scientific Reserve (Ontario, Canada). Half of the wedge-shaped greenhouses were enclosed on all sides (n=5) while the other the other half were open on three sides, with only the top fitted with plastic sheeting (n=5). The open greenhouses provided a less-warmed treatment while controlling for precipitation reduction and light filtering caused by the sheeting. In November 2019 greenhouses were placed over the ponds. Snow was cleared from the greenhouses and water chemistry measures were taken once weekly through the 2019-2020 winter. 3. Ice was thinner across the winter and melted on average 10.6 days earlier in closed greenhouses compared to open greenhouses. Average winter water temperatures were also significantly higher in closed versus open greenhouses although these differences were not significant in all months. Similarly, maximum and minimum water temperatures were also higher in ponds with closed compared with open greenhouses. We successfully demonstrate a method for simulating expected changes in ice conditions as climate change progresses including decreasing ice coverage duration at levels similar to those observed in north temperate ecosystems (per century) and alpine ecosystems (per 36 years) and raising temperatures in a highly manipulatable experimental system.
18 Apr 2023Submitted to Ecology and Evolution
20 Apr 2023Submission Checks Completed
20 Apr 2023Assigned to Editor
26 Apr 2023Reviewer(s) Assigned
02 Jun 2023Review(s) Completed, Editorial Evaluation Pending
07 Jun 2023Editorial Decision: Revise Minor
31 Aug 20231st Revision Received