Ticagrelor inverse agonist activity at the P2Y12 receptor is
non-reversible versus its endogenous agonist ADP.
Abstract
Background: Ticagrelor is labelled as a reversible, direct-acting
platelet P2Y12 receptor (P2Y12R) antagonist that is indicated clinically
for the prevention of thrombotic events in patients with acute coronary
syndrome (ACS). As with many antiplatelet drugs, ticagrelor therapy
increases bleeding risk in patients which in emergency situations
requires platelet transfusion although there is ongoing debate on its
effectiveness following ticagrelor therapy. The aim of this study was to
further examine the reversibility of ticagrelor at the P2Y12R. Methods:
Studies were performed in human platelets with both P2Y12R-stimulated
GTPase activity and platelet aggregation assessed. Cell-based
bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays were also
undertaken to assess G protein subunit activation downstream of P2Y12R
activation. Results: Initial studies revealed a range of P2Y12R ligands
including ticagrelor displayed inverse agonist activity at the P2Y12R.
Of these only ticagrelor was resistant to wash-out. In both human
platelets and cell-based assays, washing failed to reverse
ticagrelor-dependent inhibition of ADP-stimulated P2Y12R function in
contrast to other P2Y12R antagonists. The P2Y12R agonist 2MeSADP, which
was also resistant to wash-out, was able to effectively compete with
ticagrelor. In silico docking revealed that ticagrelor and 2MeSADP
penetrated more deeply into the orthosteric binding pocket of the P2Y12R
than other P2Y12R ligands. Conclusion: Ticagrelor binding to the P2Y12R
is prolonged and more akin to that of an irreversible antagonist
especially versus the endogenous P2Y12R agonist ADP. This study
highlights the potential clinical need for novel ticagrelor reversal
strategies in patients with spontaneous major bleeding and bleeding
associated with urgent invasive procedures.