Revisiting Michael Bonell’s humid tropical rainforest catchments:
isotope tracers reveal seasonal and inter-annual shifts in catchment
hydrology
Abstract
It has been almost 50 years since Mike Bonell’s foundational work in the
humid tropics, kickstarting the field of tropical hydrology. In order to
expand on this work and build a more generalized hydrological
understanding of steep rainforest catchments, we studied the seasonal
and inter-annual evolution of hydrological response from two catchments
with similar characteristics to those studied by Bonell. Both
hydrometric and water stable isotope data were collected at relatively
high frequencies during one wet season (Thompson Creek) and a three-year
period (Atika Creek). The longer dataset spans a wide range of
environmental conditions experienced in the humid tropics, including
events that cover the wetting-up transitional period of the wet season,
ENSO events and tropical cyclones. Both catchments displayed fast
streamflow response to rainfall with the shallow upper soil profile
responding quickly to rainfall at Atika Creek. New findings from this
study include the importance of pre-event water (>50%) for
overall event flows, especially when the catchment was wet. Rainfall,
surface runoff and groundwater isotope compositions varied between
rainfall events with the most complex mixing plots observed for
multi-peak events that occurred at the start of the wet season and after
a dry period within the wet season. Inter-annual variability in
catchment hydrology reflected changing ENSO conditions and the 2020-21
La Ninã wet season was characterized by several tropical cyclone events
which generated the most 18O-depleted rainfall and streamflow isotope
values. Our findings highlight the requirement for high frequency
multi-source sampling to accurately interpret catchment behavior. We
propose a conceptual model to describe the seasonal evolution of
streamflow response in steep rainforest catchments.