Tracer-aided modelling reveals quick runoff generation and groundwater
losses producing young streamflow ages in a tropical rainforest
catchment
Abstract
There is still limited understanding of how waters mix, where waters
come from and for how long they reside in tropical catchments. In this
study, we used a tracer-aided model (TAM) and a gamma convolution
integral model (GM) to assess runoff generation, mixing processes, water
ages and transit times (TT) in the pristine humid tropical rainforest
Quebrada Grande catchment in central Costa Rica. Models are based on a
four-year data record (2016 to 2019) of continuous hydrometric and
stable isotope observations. Both models agreed on a young water
component of fewer than 95 days in age for 75% of the study period. The
streamflow water ages ranged from around two months for wetter years
(2017) and up to 9.5 months for drier (2019) years with a better
agreement between the GM estimated TTs and TAM water ages for younger
waters. Such short TTs and water ages result from high annual rainfall
volumes even during drier years with 4,300 mm of annual precipitation
(2019) indicating consistent quick near-surface runoff generation with
limited mixing of waters and a supra-regional groundwater flow of likely
unmeasured older waters. The TAM in addition to the GM allowed
simulating streamflow (KGE > 0.78), suggesting an average
groundwater contribution of less than 40% to streamflow. The model
parameter uncertainty was constrained in calibration using stable water
isotopes (δ2H), justifying the higher TAM model
parameterization. We conclude that the multi-model analysis provided
consistent water age estimates of a young water dominated catchment.
This study represents an outlier compared to the globally predominant
old water paradox, exhibiting a tropical rainforest catchment with
higher new water fractions than older water.