The Asthma Predictive Index (API) predicts later asthma in preschoolers with frequent wheeze. We hypothesized that airway cytology differs between API positive(+ve)/negative(-ve) children with uncontrolled/recurrent wheezing with dominance of eosinophils in API (+ve) and neutrophils in API (-ve) groups respectively. Objective: To compare bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell profiles in API (+ve)/(-ve) children with recurrent wheezing unresponsive to inhaled corticosteroids (ICS). Design: A retrospective analysis of BAL in 43 children, 3-36 months (median: 14 months) receiving ICS (31 API +ve ; 12 API -ve). BAL cell differential counts, bacterial/viral cultures, and lipid-laden macrophage percentages (LLM) were analyzed. Cell counts presented as median (range). Results: Neutrophil percentages were increased in both groups [API -ve 16% (1-76%); API +ve 42% (1-95%); P=NS]. Cell percentages were similar for lymphocytes [API-ve 12% (1-30%); API +ve 7% (1-37%)], and macrophages [API -ve 67.5% (12-97%); API +ve 41 % (2-94%)]. Eosinophil percentages were low in both groups [API -ve 1 % (1-2%); API +ve 1 % (1-11%)]. Bacterial cultures were positive in 16 (80%) API +ve and 4 (33%) API -ve patients (P=0.10). Conclusion: Cell profiles do not differ between API groups in children ≤36 months with recurrent wheezing unresponsive to ICS. Positive correlation between neutrophil percentages and positive bacterial cultures was seen independent of API. Persistent bacterial bronchitis likely plays an important role in the persistence of symptoms unresponsive to inhaled corticosteroid therapy regardless of API status with a trend to more positive cultures in API positive children.