Contrasting upper atmospheric response to cyclones in the north Indian
Ocean during the pre-monsoon and the post-monsoon seasons
Abstract
Cyclones in the north Indian Ocean evolve differently during the
pre-monsoon (April-June) and post-monsoon (October-December) seasons.
While several studies have investigated the near-surface
ocean-atmospheric interactions, there is a lack of understanding of the
upper-atmospheric response during cyclones. In the current study, we
find that cyclones in this basin induce warming of 3–4°C at the upper
tropospheric levels (300–400 hPa) during the pre-monsoon season, for
the period 1982–2019. However, during the post-monsoon season, the
upper-level warming is only ~1°C. The contrasting
atmospheric response to cyclones in the two seasons is attributed to the
contrasting ocean-cyclone-atmosphere coupled interaction. In the
pre-monsoon season, higher SSTs coupled with higher wind forcing and
moisture disequilibrium enhance the latent heat flux from the ocean to
the atmosphere during the cyclones. This enhances convection resulting
in enhanced latent heat release and anomalous upper-level warming in the
atmosphere. During the post-monsoon season, the SSTs are cooler, and
wind forcing and moisture disequilibrium is less than in the pre-monsoon
season. As a result, the latent heat flux exchange is weak, leading to
weaker convection, reduced latent heat release and weak upper-level
warming. The lower atmospheric response to cyclones is also different in
the two seasons, with enhanced evaporative cooling due to a drier lower
atmosphere in the pre-monsoon season as compared to the post-monsoon
season. Since the Indian Ocean is warming rapidly, it is essential to
closely monitor the atmospheric temperature changes accompanying the
cyclones in this basin since they can potentially influence largescale
atmospheric dynamics and circulation.