Sensitivity of model estimates of CME propagation and arrival time to
inner boundary conditions
Abstract
Accurately forecasting the arrival of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) at
Earth is important to enabling mitigation of the associated space
weather risks to society. This is only possible with accurate modelling
of the event. To do so, we must understand the propagation of a CME
through the heliosphere and quantify the performance of models through
comparison with spacecraft observations. For the December 12th 2008
Earth-directed CME event, we compute ensembles using the HUXt solar wind
model to analyse CME distortion with a structured solar wind and explore
hindcast arrival time error (ATE). By highlighting the impact CME shape
has on Root-Mean-Square-Error (RMSE) values, we show that
time-elongation profiles of fronts captured by the Heliospheric Imager
(HI) instruments onboard NASA’s STEREO mission match those of the
modelled CME nose and flank and can therefore be used to infer details
of the longitudinal extent of the CME. We then show that accounting for
CME distortion is important to enable accurate estimates of the CME
arrival at Earth. This can be achieved by either using observations of
multiple features in HI data to infer CME evolution or mapping the solar
wind back to a lower inner boundary to allow CMEs to be distorted close
to the Sun. For the event studied we show that these approaches resulted
in reduced RMSEs of 0.726˚and 0.638˚ with an ATE of one hour and three
hours respectively.