Abstract
Observations of the spatio-temporal structure of turbulent mixing in a
large, energetic strait were used to examine the interactions between
wind- and tidally-forced boundary layers in a coastal environment. Te
Moana-o-Raukawa (Cook Strait) of Aotearoa (New Zealand) is a relatively
wide, energetic strait, known to experience substantial tidal currents
and wind stress. A turbulence-enabled ocean glider mission measured
$\mathcal{O}(40,000)$ turbulence samples that passed
QAQC including the use of a vehicle-mounted speed through water sensor.
The observations were compared to one-dimensional models of turbulence
to understand the mechanisms that regulates the vertical structure of
mixing. Tidal flows of
$\mathcal{O}(\SI{1}{\meter\per\second})$
and wind speeds of
$\mathcal{O}(\SI{10}{\meter\per\second})$
enhance dissipation to
$\epsilon=\mathcal{O}(10^{-5}\SI{}{\watt\per\kilogram})$
through boundary drag, shear-driven production of turbulent kinetic
energy ($P$) and to a minor extent buoyancy flux ($G$). The benthic
and wind-driven boundary layers behaved reasonably predictably when
considering a 1D perspective. The interaction between the two boundary
layers depended on mid-water column stratification which is to a large
degree an externally-prescribed condition. Transient stratification can
stabilize the mean flow (median $Ri_g=0.6(>1/4)$) and
reduce both turbulence intensity ($Re_b$) and diapycnal diffusivity
($K_z$) by up to two orders of magnitude in the middle of the water
column, insulating bottom and surface mixing-layers. Mid-water
dissipation rate levels tend to be associated with marginal dynamical
stability (median $Ri_g=0.22(\sim1/4)$) and canonical
mixing efficiency (median $R_f=0.17$), while elevated levels are
connected to unstable mean flow conditions (median
$Ri_g=0.14(<1/4)$) and reduced mixing efficiency (median
$R_f=0.1(<0.17)$) that promotes turbulence growth.