Abstract
The salinity distribution of an estuary depends on the balance between
the river outflow, which is seaward, and a dispersive salt flux, which
is landward. The dispersive salt flux at a fixed cross-section can be
divided into shear dispersion, which is caused by spatial correlations
of the cross-sectionally varying velocity and salinity, and the tidal
oscillatory salt flux, which results from the tidal correlation between
the cross-section averaged, tidally varying components of velocity and
salinity. The theoretical moving plane analysis of Dronkers and van de
Kreeke (1986) indicates that the oscillatory salt flux is exactly equal
to the difference between the “local” shear dispersion at a fixed
location and the shear dispersion which occurred elsewhere within a
tidal excursion – therefore, they refer to the oscillatory salt flux as
“nonlocal” dispersion. We apply their moving plane analysis to a
numerical model of a short, tidally dominated estuary and provide the
first quantitative confirmation of the theoretical result that the
spatiotemporal variability of shear dispersion accounts for the
oscillatory salt flux. Shear dispersion is localized in space and time
due to the tidal variation of currents and the position of the
along-channel salinity distribution with respect to topographic
features. We find that dispersion near the mouth contributes strongly to
the salt balance, especially under strong river and tidal forcing.
Additionally, while vertical shear dispersion produces the majority of
dispersive salt flux during neap tide and high flow, lateral mechanisms
provide the dominant mode of dispersion during spring tide and low flow.