Reducing Horton-Strahler Stream Order Can Enhance Flood Inundation
Mapping Skill with Applications for the U.S. National Water Model
Abstract
The National Water Model (NWM) currently requires the post-processing of
forecast discharges to produce forecast flood inundation maps (FIM) for
protecting life and property. Height Above Nearest Drainage (HAND), a
drainage normalizing terrain index, is worthy of producing
high-resolution FIMs at large spatial scales and frequent time steps
using reach-averaged synthetic rating curves. However, HAND based FIMs
suffer from a known limitation caused by independent catchments that
lack the ability to cross catchment boundaries and ridgelines. To
counter this constraint, a version of HAND known as Generalized
Mainstems (GMS) is proposed that reduces the Horton-Strahler stream
order of the stream network. GMS contains all segments within the NWM
stream network but instead of deriving HAND by accounting for all river
segments at once, it is derived independently at the level path (LP)
scale. LPs are unique identifiers propagated upstream from a sub-basin’s
outlet along the direction of maximum flow distance and repeated
recursively until all segments are assigned LP identifiers. These FIMs
are then mosaiced together, effectively turning the stream network into
discrete groups of homogeneous unit stream order by removing the
influence of neighboring tributaries. Improvement in mapping skill is
observed when compared to HEC-RAS 1D models by significantly reducing
false negatives at river junctions. A more marginal reduction in the
false alarm rate is also observed due to a bias introduced in the
stage-discharge relationship by increasing the size of the catchments.