Localized geomagnetic disturbance due to ionospheric response to the
Hunga Tonga eruption on January 15, 2022
Abstract
The Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano in the Pacific Ocean erupted on
January 15, 2022. The energy released by this submarine eruption caused
waves propagating through the lithosphere, ocean and atmosphere. Less
than 10 minutes after the eruption, pulsation-like geomagnetic
disturbances started at the geomagnetic observatory Apia, approximately
835 km from Hunga Tonga, and lasted for about 2 hours. These
disturbances were most prominent in the Y (east) component, with an
oscillation amplitude of ~3 nT and dominant periods of
276, 254 and 219 s. Comparable geomagnetic disturbances are absent at
neighboring as well as high-latitude geomagnetic observatories,
indicating that the disturbances are localized and not related to solar
wind energy input. Tide gauge data show that tsunami waves arrived at
Apia more than one hour after the eruption. This leaves ionospheric
currents as the likely cause of the geomagnetic disturbances.