loading page

Statistical study of favorable foreshock ion properties for the formation of hot flow anomalies and foreshock bubbles
  • +2
  • Terry Zixu Liu,
  • Hui Zhang,
  • Drew L. Turner,
  • Andrew Vu,
  • Vassilis Angelopoulos
Terry Zixu Liu
University Corporation for Atmospheric Research

Corresponding Author:[email protected]

Author Profile
Hui Zhang
Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska, Fairbanks
Author Profile
Drew L. Turner
The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
Author Profile
Andrew Vu
Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks
Author Profile
Vassilis Angelopoulos
UCLA
Author Profile

Abstract

Hot flow anomalies (HFAs) and foreshock bubbles (FBs) are frequently observed in Earth’s foreshock, which can significantly disturb the bow shock and therefore the magnetosphere-ionosphere system and can accelerate particles. Previous statistical studies have identified the solar wind conditions (high solar wind speed and high Mach number, etc.) that favor their generation. However, backstreaming foreshock ions are expected to most directly control how HFAs and FBs form, whereas the solar wind may partake in the formation process indirectly by determining foreshock ion properties. Using Magnetospheric Multiscale mission and Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms mission, we perform a statistical study of foreshock ion properties around 275 HFAs and FBs. We show that foreshock ions with a high foreshock-to-solar wind density ratio (>~3%), high kinetic energy (>~600eV), large ratio of kinetic energy to thermal energy (>~0.1), and large perpendicular temperature anisotropy (>~1.4) favor HFA and FB formation. We also examine how these properties are related to solar wind conditions: higher solar wind speed and larger (angle between the interplanetary magnetic field and the bow shock normal) favor higher kinetic energy of foreshock ions; foreshock ions are less diffuse at larger ; small , high Mach number, and closeness to the bow shock favor a high foreshock-to-solar wind density ratio. Our results provide further understanding of HFA and FB formation.