Stress-Induced changes in hydrothermal gas discharges along active
faults near Mt. Etna volcano (Sicily, Italy)
Abstract
Near-continuous monitoring both of gas emissions (CO 2 , CH 4 and H 2 S)
and of water temperature at Santa Venera al Pozzo thermal springs (SE
foot of Mt. Etna volcano, Sicily, Italy) was conducted from December
2017 to April 2019, using a novel and cheaper Chromatography Monitoring
System (CMS) coupled with a water temperature sensor. The results showed
methane as predominant gas and temporal changes in gas concentrations
that were in part due to daily fluctuations, which caused small
amplitude variations, and in part due to non-environmental causes. These
latter were correlated with the occurrence of strong earthquakes and
slow tectonic events related to magmatic intrusions, but not with input
of magmatic gases into the thermal aquifer, given the non-magmatic
origin of all monitored gases. Methane spikes were observed during many
volcano-tectonic events and call for a deep source of this gas. H 2 S
was detected only during the strongest local tectonic events, including
a Mw 4.9 earthquake, suggesting that this gas has a common origin as CH
4 (i.e., mixing between microbial and thermogenic gas), but it is
released only when tectonic stress is applied for sufficiently long
periods as to cause H 2 S oversaturation in the hydrothermal aquifer.
Water temperature decreases were also observed immediately after the two
strongest earthquakes in the area, which helped us produce a
comprehensive model to explain the observed geochemical variations. Our
approach allowed revealing the great sensitivity of gases such as CH 4
and especially H 2 S to tectonic stress, thus making them valuable
indicators of impending strong tectonic or volcano-tectonic events.