We use the surface temperature response to Phobos transits as observed by a radiometer on board of the InSight lander to constrain the thermal properties of the uppermost layer of regolith. Modeled transit lightcurves validated by solar panel current measurements are used to modify the boundary conditions of a 1D heat conduction model. We test several model parameter sets, varying the thickness and thermal conductivity of the top layer to explore the range of parameters that match the observed temperature response within its uncertainty both during the eclipse as well as the full diurnal cycle. The measurements indicate a thermal inertia of 103⁺⁴⁸_-24 Jm^-2K^-1s^-1/2 in the uppermost layer of 0.2 to 4 mm, significantly smaller than the thermal inertia of 200 Jm^-2K^-1s^-1/2 derived from the diurnal temperature curve. This could be explained by larger particles, higher density, or a very small amount of cementation in the lower layers.