Abstract
We present an empirical model for describing the temporal variability of
the internal tide, that uses seasonal harmonics to temporally modulate
the amplitude of the fundamental tidal harmonics. Internal tide data,
from both long-term, in-situ moorings and a mesoscale- and internal
tide-resolving ocean model, are used to demonstrate the performance of
the seasonal (non-stationary) harmonic model for the Indo-Australian
Basin Region. The non-stationary model described up to 15
\% more baroclinic sea surface height and isotherm
displacement variance than the fixed-amplitude harmonic model at some
observation sites. The ocean model results demonstrate that the study
region, which includes the Australian North West Shelf (NWS), Timor Sea
and southern Indonesian Islands, is dominated by standing wave
interference patterns produced by multiple generation sites. Application
of the seasonal harmonic model demonstrates that temporal shifts in the
standing wave locations coincide with seasonal variations in density
stratification, particularly within 2 - 3 internal wave lengths from
strong generation sites. It is shown that the variance fraction of
internal tide signal explained by seasonal modulations is largest in
standing wave node regions. This result helps explain the contrasting
skill of the seasonal harmonic model at two moorings that were separated
by only 38 km. Output of the harmonic model also demonstrates that the
seasonally-evolving, southward propagating $M_2$ internal tide from
Lombok Strait had a smaller amplitude in October when shear from the
Indonesian Throughflow was strongest. Further applications for a
regional internal tide climatology database are discussed.