Low-angle shear within the exposed Manzalesti salt diapir, Romania:
incipient decapitation in the Eastern Carpathians fold-and-thrust belt
Abstract
In salt-detached fold-and-thrust belts, contractional modification of
diapirs may include decapitation by thrusting, but examples are not well
known in the subsurface and unreported in outcrop. Here we present a
surface exposure of an intrasalt, sub-horizontal shear zone at the
boundary between the Tarcău and Subcarpathian nappes in the Romanian
Eastern Carpathians. The Mânzălești diapir forms the largest rock salt
outcrop in Europe, with unique salt-karst geomorphology. Numerous wells
show that the outcrop is above deep-seated salt of an original
salt-cored anticline whose base is at >3500 m. Multiscale
observations using UAV-based digital outcrop models, fieldwork, and
microstructure analysis show that the outcrop is characterised by
sub-horizontal foliation with isoclinal folds, unlike the subvertical
fabric of most Romanian diapirs. The halite is rich in clastic
inclusions, with a power-law size distribution caused by tectonic
reworking of originally dirty salt. Microstructures show that the halite
matrix is strongly deformed by dislocation creep, forming subgrains and
dynamically recrystallized grains around large porphyroclasts with
piezometry indicating a relatively high differential stress around 4
MPa. The observations are best explained by sub-horizontal shear
generated by an overriding nappe, overprinting the original
coarse-grained salt fabric during incipient decapitation of the salt
diapir at a depth sufficient to supress dilatancy.