Calculating Required Purification Effort to Turn Source Water into
Drinking Water Using an Adapted CCME Water Quality Index
Abstract
The 2000 European Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) states that
‘Member States shall ensure the necessary protection for the bodies of
water identified with the aim of avoiding deterioration in their quality
in order to reduce the level of purification treatment required in the
production of drinking water’. However, it does not specify how to
evaluate or quantify this level of purification treatment. The
scientific literature contains several different Water Quality Indices
(WQIs), but none are suited for this purpose. Therefore, we propose a
novel WQI that we specifically designed to quantify the level of
purification required to prepare drinking water from source water. It is
based on the WQI of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment
(CCME WQI), which was chosen because it is widely accepted, can be used
with any number of input parameters, does not require expert judgement
and has been applied to assess source water quality before. We compare
measured contaminant concentrations in source water to drinking water
guidelines and additionally incorporate the resilience of contaminants
to treatment processes in the index (which is not possible in the CCME
WQI). Furthermore, we accommodate for varying sampling frequencies that
are characteristic of the ongoing monitoring programme. These changes
make our index more robust and sensitive to relevant changes in source
water quality. We calculated index scores for source water from the
Rhine and the Meuse rivers to monitor the effect of implementation of
the WFD on the effort required to produce of drinking water.