Abstract
The tropical Indian Ocean has been warming at an alarming rate in the
recent decade with the southern tropical Indian Ocean (STIO; 15oS-35oS)
being the hotspot storing more than 40% of the heat absorbed by the
Indian Ocean since the 1990s. This also coincides with the “global
warming hiatus” marked by an increase of Pacific warm water transport
into the Indian Ocean through the Indonesian throughflow (ITF). However,
the cause for the basin-wide spread of this warm water has remained
unknown. Using observations and reanalysis, we identify the positive
phase of the Southern Annular mode and intensification of extratropical
westerlies caused by the Southern Ocean warming as the major drivers. We
show that westerlies over the Southern Ocean create a strong positive
curl and thereby generate westward propagating Rossby waves.
Consequently, STIO exhibits a rapid increase in the sea level (4 mm/yr)
and a deepening of the thermocline. This leads to an anomalous east-west
tilt in the thermocline which drives the spread of warm water into the
interior of the basin. Such Southern Ocean forcing of the tropical
Indian Ocean assumes a new significance since the Indian Ocean warming
is now known to influence the Pacific Ocean response to global warming
and accelerate the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation.