Abstract
Momentum transport by boundary-layer turbulence causes a weak
synoptic-scale vertical motion. The classical textbook solution for the
strength of this Ekman pumping depends on the curl of the surface
momentum flux. In this study a new solution for Ekman pumping for low
Rossby number flow is derived. In particular, the surface momentum flux
is parameterized with a commonly used bulk drag formula. This step
reveals that the strength of Ekman pumping is bounded. A maximum value
is found if the angle between the near-surface wind and the geostrophic
wind is 45$\degree$. The weakening of Ekman pumping for
enhanced turbulent friction can be simply explained from the fact that
an enhanced turbulent drag will reduce the horizontal wind. This may
eventually diminish its capacity for large-scale convergence of
divergence. As momentum transport is parameterized in large-scale
models, the analysis is relevant for the understanding and
interpretation of the evolution of synoptic-scale vertical motions as
predicted by such models.