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\begin{document}

\title{Microanalysis Techniques to Study Atmospheric Ice Nucleation and Ice Crystal Growth}



\author[1]{Daniel A. Knopf}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%


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  \date{June 06, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The prediction of how ice crystals form represents one of the great
conundrums in the atmospheric sciences with important implications for
the hydrological cycle and climate. Ice-nucleating particles (INPs),
typically consisting of sub-and supermicrometer-sized aerosol particles
which can be inorganic, organic, biogenic, or biological, initiate
heterogeneous ice nucleation processes leading to ice crystal formation.
Heterogeneous ice nucleation commences on the nanoscale at the substrate
surface and depends on ambient temperature and humidity. Microanalysis
techniques are uniquely suited to examine the physicochemical features
of the INPs under relevant atmospheric conditions thereby advancing our
understanding of the principal processes that promote ice nucleation. In
the atmosphere ice crystals experience growth and sublimation resulting
in complex microscopic morphologies which, in turn, impact the ice
crystal's properties. This chapter provides an overview of microanalysis
techniques employed in either a multimodal or in situ manner, which shed
light on the atmospheric heterogeneous ice nucleation process and how
these techniques are applied to explore the complex morphologies of ice
crystals. The first section introduces the various atmospheric ice
nucleation pathways, provides a brief outline of the underlying
nucleation theory demonstrating that nucleation proceeds on the
nanoscale, and describes the different ice crystal habits of growth.
Section two provides an overview of the microanalysis techniques and
experiments to study INPs or ice-nucleating substrates including
multimodal instrument approaches followed by in situ ice nucleation
studies. Examples of techniques include Raman, atomic force, electron,
and X-ray microscopy with discussion of the techniques' unique
capabilities to examine the physical and chemical properties of the
ice-nucleating substrate. The third section presents electron microscopy
studies of ice crystals during growth and sublimation displaying the
morphological complexities of ice crystals. Lastly, section four
discusses typical experimental requirements including sample sizes,
radiation effects, and the role of standard INPs.%
\end{abstract}%



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